| +++ || Упражнения, вызывающие окисление || ↓ незначительный || Очень высокая<ref name="Volek ">Volek JS, Kraemer WJ, Rubin MR, Gómez AL, Ratamess NA, Gaynor P. L-Carnitine L-tartrate supplementation favorably affects markers of recovery from exercise stress. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb;282(2):E474-82.</ref><ref name="Spiering">Spiering BA, Kraemer WJ, Hatfield DL, Vingren JL, Fragala MS, Ho JY, Thomas GA, Häkkinen K, Volek JS. Effects of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on muscle oxygenation responses to resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2008 Jul;22(4):1130-5. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31817d48d9.</ref><ref name="Bloomer">Bloomer RJ, Smith WA. Oxidative stress in response to aerobic and anaerobic power testing: influence of exercise training and carnitine supplementation. Res Sports Med. 2009 Jan-Mar;17(1):1-16. doi: 10.1080/15438620802678289.</ref><ref name="Ho">Ho JY, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Fragala MS, Thomas GA, Dunn-Lewis C, Coday M, Häkkinen K, Maresh CM. l-Carnitine l-tartrate supplementation favorably affects biochemical markers of recovery from physical exertion in middle-aged men and women. Metabolism. 2010 Aug;59(8):1190-9. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2009.11.012. Epub 2009 Dec 31.</ref><ref>Fatouros IG, Douroudos I, Panagoutsos S, Pasadakis P, Nikolaidis MG, Chatzinikolaou A, Sovatzidis A, Michailidis Y, Jamurtas AZ, Mandalidis D, Taxildaris K, Vargemezis V. Effects of L-carnitine on oxidative stress responses in patients with renal disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010 Oct;42(10):1809-18. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181dbacab.</ref> || Уменьшение окисления, возможно вторично по отношению к уменьшению степени повреждения мышечной ткани. Степень снижения MDA не слишком значительна

| +++ || Жировая масса || ↓ незначительный || Высокая<ref name="Malaguarnera">Malaguarnera M, Cammalleri L, Gargante MP, Vacante M, Colonna V, Motta M. L-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: a randomized and controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Dec;86(6):1738-44.</ref><ref name="Pistone">Pistone G, Marino A, Leotta C, Dell'Arte S, Finocchiaro G, Malaguarnera M. Levocarnitine administration in elderly subjects with rapid muscle fatigue: effect on body composition, lipid profile and fatigue. Drugs Aging. 2003;20(10):761-7.</ref><ref>Villani RG, Gannon J, Self M, Rich PA. L-Carnitine supplementation combined with aerobic training does not promote weight loss in moderately obese women. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2000 Jun;10(2):199-207.</ref> || Уменьшение жировой массы у лиц пожилого возраста; исследования у здоровых молодых людей и среднего возраста эффекта не выявили

| +++ || Усталость || ↓ незначительный || Высокая<ref name="Malaguarnera" /><ref name="Pistone" /><ref>Malaguarnera M, Gargante MP, Cristaldi E, Colonna V, Messano M, Koverech A, Neri S, Vacante M, Cammalleri L, Motta M. Acetyl L-carnitine (ALC) treatment in elderly patients with fatigue. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2008 Mar-Apr;46(2):181-90. Epub 2007 Jul 20.</ref><ref>Sugino T, Aoyagi S, Shirai T, Kajimoto Y, Kajimoto O. Effects of Citric Acid and l-Carnitine on Physical Fatigue. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2007 Nov;41(3):224-30. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.2007032.</ref><ref>Ciacci C, Peluso G, Iannoni E, Siniscalchi M, Iovino P, Rispo A, Tortora R, Bucci C, Zingone F, Margarucci S, Calvani M. L-Carnitine in the treatment of fatigue in adult celiac disease patients: a pilot study. Dig Liver Dis. 2007 Oct;39(10):922-8. Epub 2007 Aug 10.</ref><ref>Vermeulen RC, Scholte HR. Exploratory open label, randomized study of acetyl- and propionylcarnitine in chronic fatigue syndrome. Psychosom Med. 2004 Mar-Apr;66(2):276-82.</ref><ref>Decombaz J, Deriaz O, Acheson K, Gmuender B, Jequier E. Effect of L-carnitine on submaximal exercise metabolism after depletion of muscle glycogen.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993 Jun;25(6):733-40. </ref> || Карнитин способствует снижению усталости у пожилых людей с низкой мышечной выносливостью и при синдроме хронической усталости; нет достаточных доказательств, подтверждающих роль карнитина в снижении усталости, вызванной физической нагрузкой

| +++ || Лактат || ↓ незначительный || Умеренная<ref name="Volek " /><ref name="Ho" /><ref>Jacobs PL, Goldstein ER. Long-term glycine propionyl-l-carnitine supplemention and paradoxical effects on repeated anaerobic sprint performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010 Oct 28;7:35. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-35.</ref><ref>Jacobs PL, Goldstein ER, Blackburn W, Orem I, Hughes JJ. Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine produces enhanced anaerobic work capacity with reduced lactate accumulation in resistance trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009 Apr 2;6:9. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-6-9.</ref><ref name="Barnett">Barnett C, Costill DL, Vukovich MD, Cole KJ, Goodpaster BH, Trappe SW, Fink WJ. Effect of L-carnitine supplementation on muscle and blood carnitine content and lactate accumulation during high-intensity sprint cycling. Int J Sport Nutr. 1994 Sep;4(3):280-8.</ref> || Уменьшение лактата, но не слишком заметное

| +++ || Перекисное окисление липидов || ↓ незначительный || Очень высокая<ref name="Bloomer" /><ref>Bloomer RJ, Tschume LC, Smith WA. Glycine propionyl-L-carnitine modulates lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide in human subjects. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2009 May;79(3):131-41. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831.79.3.131.</ref><ref>Bloomer RJ, Farney TM, Trepanowski JF, McCarthy CG, Canale RE, Schilling BK. Comparison of pre-workout nitric oxide stimulating dietary supplements on skeletal muscle oxygen saturation, blood nitrate/nitrite, lipid peroxidation, and upper body exercise performance in resistance trained men. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010 May 6;7:16. doi: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-16.</ref> || Снижение MDA во время физических упражнений и в состоянии покоя

| +++ || Содержание карнитина в мышцах || ↑ незначительный || Низкая<ref>Wall BT, Stephens FB, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Marimuthu K, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PL. Chronic oral ingestion of L-carnitine and carbohydrate increases muscle carnitine content and alters muscle fuel metabolism during exercise in humans. J Physiol. 2011 Feb 15;589(Pt 4):963-73. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.201343. Epub 2011 Jan 4.</ref><ref>Smith WA, Fry AC, Tschume LC, Bloomer RJ. Effect of glycine propionyl-L-carnitine on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2008 Feb;18(1):19-36.</ref><ref name="Barnett" /> || Ненадежные и смешанные эффекты, но есть исследования, отмечающие повышение уровня карнитина в мышцах

| +++ || Мышечные повреждения || ↓ незначительный || Очень высокая<ref name="Volek " /><ref name="Spiering" /><ref name="Ho" /><ref>Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, French DN, Rubin MR, Sharman MJ, Gómez AL, Ratamess NA, Newton RU, Jemiolo B, Craig BW, Häkkinen K. The effects of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance exercise and recovery. J Strength Cond Res. 2003 Aug;17(3):455-62.</ref> || Биомаркеры повреждения мышц, креатинкиназа и болезненность мышц снижаются после приема карнитина